The rapid advances of modern science cause one to forget the empirical knowledge that the ancient artisans had acquired of the materials they used. Sometimes, the most modern procedures barely approach the standard they reached instinctively. This is illustrated in early examples of ceramics, of metallurgy, of Chinese bronzes, of Lurian artifacts, of Etruscan filigree work, and of medieval damascened ware. The relation between the physical, chemical and aesthetic properties of stone, clay, minerals and metals and the development of ceramics and metallurgy in ancient times are discussed. Particular attention is given to the processes by which metals could be smelted, cast, hardened and alloyed and to the history of iron and steel. -- AATA