The issues that surround caring for collections during periods of armed conflict are considered by following the fate of the National Museum of Afghanistan. Its history is explored from conception to the present date during which the collections have been subjected to numerous relocations, lootings by different warring factions and the destruction of figurative pieces. The rebuilding of the museum and conservation training of its staff is documented together with its hopes for the future. The idea of creating a museum in exile is explored by following the creation of the Afghanistan Museum in Switzerland and the repatriation of Afghan items back to the National Museum. Although there are difficulties in creating a museum in exile its concept does have the potential to provide immense benefits and highlights the need to strengthen bonds of cooperation and communication between nations so that outstanding collections can be safeguarded for the future.