The basic components of all surface coatings -- binders, pigments, solvents, and additives-are described in terms of function, types, and amounts typically employed. Modern technologies for generating lower energy-consuming, pollution-free coatings are briefly presented along with the strengths, weaknesses, and applications typically found for these materials. The wood industry is projected to turn to waterborne coatings. Formulation methodology and complexity are discussed with waterborne materials generally being described as more complex than the other environmental coatings types (higher-solids, reactive monomer-base, and powder coatings). The near exponential reduction of solvent emission with increasing solids is described.