Hundreds of noncultural elephant bone sites have been studied in southern Africa, starting at or before the actual moments of death and continuing through bone burial or destruction. In some sites, dozens of elephants died en masse due to drought. These sites contain spirally fractured limb bones in proportions as high as 62% of counted limb elements. Many naturally broken tusk fragments are similar to specimens that have been interpreted as artifacts in fossil proboscidean collections. Trampling marks on bones closely mimic cut marks made by stone tools. As reported here, numerous attributes of noncultural assemblages are virtually indistinguishable from attributes that archaeologists have believed to be created by human behavior alone. -- AATA