Specimens of ivory excavated at Ancient Near Eastern sites (Acem Huyuk, Anatolia; Hasanlu, Northwest Iran; Khorsabad, Iraq; Megiddo, North Palestine; and Nimrud, Iraq) have been analyzed for C, H, F, N, and ash. The decrease in N content as collagenous material was removed and replaced in part by inorganic salts was general to all sites. Similarly, H and C contents decreased and ash increased. The results of F1 analyses were less general with some degree of site specificity. These data are applied to the development of criteria for artifacts of uncertain provenance. The possibility of chemical alteration of the composition of modern ivory to obtain compositions similar to those of ancient ivory is considered. See also AATA 12-582 and 16-1172.