Biological attack on wood sculpture is generally by insects, with results tunnelling. The earliest effective treatment was immersion in molten wax-resin mixture. More recent treatments are consolidation with resins which harden by loss of solvent (shellac, animal glues, gelatin treated with tannic acid) and resins which harden by chemical reaction (urea and resorcinol formaldehydes, polyesters, epoxies). Causes of cracking and distortion of wood are shown to be loss of moisture and shrinkage. Methods of permanent dimensional stabilization include coating the surface with a moisture barrier, depositing bulking agents within cell walls, replacing hygroscopic hydroxyl groups of the cellulose and lignin molecules with less hygroscopic groups, and forming chemical crosslinks between structural units. Treatment of the paint layers on wooden sculpture do not differ from corresponding treatment of flat paintings.