An attempt has been made to trace the ancient zinc-lead deposit of Rampura-Agucha (India), which is located 1.5 kilometers northeast of Agucha village in Bhilwara District, Rajasthan. It is the single largest and richest deposit in the country. Ancient mine working, vast slag spread, and mine debris in the vicinity of the deposit bear testimony to ancient mining and smelting activities. Three archaeological mounds treasuring the history of ancient civilizationhave been identified. Ancient mining activity occurred as open excavations, trenches, shafts, and pits. The shafts and pits were located at specific sites for entry; and ore zones were followed by drives, raises, and winzes. Evidence suggests that ancient miners showed little attention to rich zinc ore and concentrated on mining of lead-rich ore in and around the deposit. Most ancient mining operations were confined to an 80 meter depth but a few attained a depth up to 125 meters. Deep-seated groundwater conditions, during dry and drought seasons, may have made the deep ancient mining possible while the civilization might have thrived on perched water tables along river course. Slag pieces found in the archaeological mounds along with articles related to the pre-Maurya and Maurya period date the ancient mining prior to 3rd century _BC and to a civilization where zinc was not in vogue while silver and lead were valued. -- AATA