Freeze-thaw cycles are damaging to stone when there is water within the stone, the ambient temperature is low enough to freeze that water, and the stone has low strength. In a series of tests using an acrylic resin (Paraloid B72), an epoxy resin mixture (Araldite CY-230/Epomait), and a silane (SS-101/Catalyst C) to treat samples of porous tuff, it was found that silane imparted a high hydrophobic effect (water-repellency) to the stone and protected it from deterioration under freeze-thaw conditions, although neither it nor the other materials increased the stone's strength by more than 20%. See also AATA 17-700 and 20-2069 for related studies and 21-1334 for reference to entire proceedings.