Japanese metalworking techniques for making tsuba (sword guards) were studied by microscopy and metallography. Chemical analysis of ferrous and non-ferrous tsuba confirmed alloy compositions already in the literature. The micostructure of two iron, two brass and one shibuichi tsuba is described and illustrated. Carving, inlay, and gilding techniques are explained. Layered metal tsuba were also examined and the technique is discussed. Surface textures were produced mechanically or by chemical etching. The final treatment was patination, modified by polishing, heating or organic coatings.