X-radiography can be used to study a variety of features of archaeological ceramics in order to solve a broad range of archaeological and anthropological problems. Hidden features that can be detected radiographically include coils, slabs, and their size, morphology, and methods of joining; the material type, approximate mineralogy, size, density, and orientation of aplastic inclusions or voids; fracture systems; paste texture and hidden vessel parts. Under certain conditions, these features can be used to sort sherds by their vessels of origin, to identify the methods of vessel manufacture, to assess vessel function, to complement petrography when identifying and sourcing trade vessels; and to identify post-depositional alterations. Bridging arguments that integrate x-radiographic methods, data, and some theoretical agendas of archaeology are made explicit.