Remarks generally on the role of scientific examination of artifacts to determine authenticity, origin, or date, and to answer questions about materials in connection with restoration or conservation problems. The diversity of problems is illustrated with examples taken from the author's experience at the Central Research Laboratory, Amsterdam. An example is taken from the field of objects and materials in relation to showcases and storage cases, the influence of volatile organic compounds on different materials, preventive measures, and conservation treatment in cases of damage. A survey is given of the interdisciplinary research into leather and parchment, with clear emphasis on the development of testing procedures and recipes for conservation. A third example clarifies the role of the researcher in identifying materials and developing and applying a special paint system. The last example deals with the determination of a trace element pattern of a group of metal objects from an analytical point of view and the possibilities and limitations encountered when interpreting the results.