Neutron activation analysis of 87 specimens of Mamluk Underglaze-Painted or Islamic Composite Ware identified three chemical groups that include 51 of the analyzed specimens. A group designated Syria is inferred to have been produced in Damascus. Another group also is attributed to Damascus (and called Damascus ) because it includes a kiln waster found on the outskirts of that city. It is suggested that two clay sources in the vicinity of Damascus are represented. The third group, Fustat, includes kiln wasters from that site. The Fustat style is suggested to derive from the Damascus style, by way of potters who emigrated from Damascus. These potters used earlier as well as contemporary Syrian designs as prototypes. These findings are presented as a basis upon which to build a more secure history of Mamluk pottery.