The earliest history of metalworking by the aboriginal cultures in Latin America is based upon archaeological evidence: the artifacts, the mines, and the furnaces. The production of various ores and their relative importance under the Spanish Conquest are discussed. After independence in 1810, European investments were responsible for the expansion of mining activities. The development of new refining techniques -- such as the Swansea Process -- increased the production of copper. During the last half of the 19th century, silver production and export were important to the economic stability of the country. -- AATA