Properties of pure non-ferrous metals are discussed; microscopic analysis is useful in determining the technology involved in working an ancient artifact. Methods of refining various metals are briefly explained. The roles of tin and zinc in the production of alloys are discussed. The basic information for the scientific study of alloys is contained in phase diagrams; how these are derived and their uses are described. Use of the energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer with the scanning electron microscope permits identification of the insoluble particles present in the smelting process. The production of iron in antiquity is also discussed. See also <i>AATA</i> <b>Vol. 17, Abstract No. 795</b>, PAR No. 83725 for further information on the subject of the history of metals. -- AATA