The Xinjiang Autonomous Region Museum collected 111 paper relics in 2009. In order to protect and repair these paper relics, five specimens were selected which having typical diseases, and tested on moisture content and fiber characteristics, as well as by polarizing light microscope and scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), etc. Information on the state of preservation, the composition of raw materials, the process of production and the type of deterioration disease was got in these paper relics. This information provided a scientific basis for developing a plan of protection and repair. These studies revealed that the paper relics were mainly made of hemp, with kaolin, carbonate and talc added as main fillers, and that some paper had been treated with glue. Most fibers have broken to small fiber segments, so complete fibers were rarely seen. Many flocs were observed on the paper indicating a bad state of preservation.