Interpretation of an ethnographic artifact requires characterization of any alterations detected in the course of examination. Alterations to an artifact can be made at several stages in its history: during fabrication to correct inherent flaws in the original materials; during use to improve efficiency, repair breaks, embellish decorative elements, or for ritualistic purposes; prior to sale; and in a collection to retard deterioration or enhance appearance. The paper examines seven case histories which demonstrate the importance of the study of the materials and techniques of alterations and the information which such studies both require and generate.