Samples of powdery red pigments from various African objects, and several known comparison materials, were examined by polarized light microscopy. In some cases, scanning electron microscopy and microchemical testing were also used to facilitate identification of the unknowns. Several scientists were consulted during this investigation into the probable mineralogical and botanical origins of African red pigments, including a metallurgist who was asked about the possibility that rust powder might be the source of a certain type of iron oxide pigment. This paper discusses the kinds of red African pigments that have been observed so far, and presents simplified methods for pigment characterization of use to conservators in planning appropriate treatment of African objects.