A new authoritative catalog of 800 coin types (to replace Mack) is presented in a thoroughly revised classification based on new metallographic data and statistically valid collection of coin weights. These new data give us an insight into the coiners' extraordinary knowledge of alloys and mass production methods, indicating a high degree of social organization. Different molds were being tried, and a steady debasement of coinage is traceable with coins bearing secret marks recognized by the moneyers. Glossary, concordance, maps, metrological and metallurgical information, and illustrations of modern forgeries are all provided.