This journal article describes the scientific (pathological, chemical, physical, and histological) examination and dating of archaeological hominoid teeth and bone remains excavated at the Piltdown site in England. Samples were analyzed for nitrogen, fluorine, organic carbon, carbon/nitrogen ratio, water, ash content, collagen fibers, specific gravity and radioactivity. Soil conditions (eg. reducing, oxidizing) and burial environment must be considered. Physical examination revealed evidence of artificial abrasion (smoothing), a bituminous iron oxide coating, presence of chromium and inclusion of unexpectedly large sand grains. X-ray crystallographic analysis of the cranial bones revealed replacement of the main mineral, hydroxy-apatite, by gypsum and signs of artificial staining, possibly with iron sulphate. This article is a reference for Old World prehistoric archaeology, archaeometry and conservation science.