The author traces the history and development in the use of madder for dyeing from ancient through modern times. Madder was the classic red dye, with outstanding fastness on wool and cotton, and was originally derived from the ground roots of Rubia Tinctorum and Rubia Peregrina until the isolation and synthesis of Alizarin, its coloring principle, in the 19th century. Details of process for producing Turkey Red, the most famous madder shade, are also included. -- AATA