The authors discuss the finding of ancient animal remains in the permafrost of Alaska and Russia, and in particular their own work on and later scientific investigations of a mummified bison from the Pleistocene period. Post-recovery investigations showed the bison to have been killed by lions (panthera) and in a manner similar to that used by African lions today. The authors were able to determine the time of year the animal was killed as well as its age at death. Radiocarbon dating gave the time of death as 36,000 years ago which is in line with similar findings in Russia. Pollen analysis indicated the environment in this region (near Fairbanks) was cold steppe in character.