This article reviews applications of ion beam techniques to archaeology and the arts. Types of applications include those used to determine 1) provenance, 2) typological properties, 3) physical properties, 4) technology of manufacture, 5) identification of groups to which objects belong, 6) source of the materials, 7) characterization of an object in a historical context, and 8) authenticity. Analytical techniques described include high energy ion beam techniques, nuclear analysis, particle induced x-ray emission, high energy ion scattering, particle activation and surface analysis. Descriptions of analytical systems such as multi-technique in vacuum analysis, electron beam analysis and proton or nuclear microprobe analysis are also included. Measurement precision and cluster analysis of data resulting from some of these techniques are mentioned. Applications described include studies on numerous materials such as bone, clay, metal artefacts, ceramics, glass, paintings, jewelry, manuscripts, and coins. The use of ion beam technology in dating is also discussed.