Recent archaeological excavations in the Kurile Islands of the Russian Far East have recovered almost 2000 obsidian artefacts in the form of finished stone tools and flake debitage. While artefacts made of obsidian are present throughout the island chain, obsidian native to the Kurile Islands is not known to have been used prehistorically. An initial source provenance study of Kurile Island artefacts indicated that obsidian raw material was brought into the islands at least 2500 years ago from sources located on the Japanese island of Hokkaido and from the Kamchatka Peninsula (Russian Far East). This chapter reports on a larger provenance study using Laser Ablation Inductively-Coupled-Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) that expands the initial research and provides the largest sample to date of obsidian artefacts from the Kurile Islands that can be assigned to obsidian source groups located in Northeast Asia. Identifying the sources used to produce obsidian artefacts is a key element necessary for reconstructing prehistoric Kurile Island migrations, colonisation events, and social network structures.