28205
Accession Number
25585
Author
Vandiver, Pamela; Swann, Charles; Cranmer, David
Editor
Vandiver, Pamela B.; Druzik, James; Wheeler, George Segan
Author Affiliation
Smithsonian Institution. Conservation Analytical Laboratory; University of Delaware. Bartol Research Institute;National Institute of Standards and Technology. Ceramics Division
Title Of Article Chaper
A Review of Mid-Second Millennium B.C. Egyptian Glass Technology at Tell el-Amarna
Title Of Journal Book
Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology II: Symposium held April 17-21, 1990, San Francisco, California, U.S.A
Volume
185
Pages
609-616
Collation
6 figs., 2 tables, 1 note
Reference Bibliography
10 refs.
Publisher
Materials Research Society
Publisher City
Pittsburgh
ISBN
1-55899-074-7
Language Of Text
English
Literature Type
Monograph
Literature Level
Analytic
Meeting
Materials Issues in Art and Archaeology (2)
Meeting City
San Francisco
Meeting Country
United States
Abstract
In 1891 and 1892 Sir Flinders Petrie excavated glass in various stages of processing from the palace dumps at the fourteenth century B.C. site of Tell el-Amarna, a city built by artisans practicing the highest quality possible in their crafts in order to adorn the new capitol of Tutankhaman and thereby legitimize his rule. In order to learn more about the making and working of this glass, we analyzed samples in several stages of processing for composition, processing temperature, viscosity, extent of crystal growth and microscopic evidence of forming methods. Our findings accord with microscopic evidence from complete vessels, an unpublished manuscript on glass finds by the excavator, Sir Flinders Petrie and previous work of the British glass technologist, W.E.S. Turner. The technology of melting glasses at Tell el-Amarna involved multiple step, batch processing of small amounts of material in both fritting and melting operations. However, at no time was the glass fluid enough to pour. The forming processes involved low temperature operations which utilized high viscosities similar to those used in forming warmed, but still solid, wax to make rods, strips and vessel walls in Ashanti lost wax casting. An examination of tool impressions in the glass artifacts and Ashanti manufacturing elements and vessels reinforces the similarity of tool kit and operations. Modern glasses typically are melted in the range of 10 Exponent 1.5-2.5 poise and represent values similar to olive or machine oil at room temperature. For comparison, glass at room temperature has a viscosity of about 10E25 poise. Modern glasses are formed in the viscous range from glycerol to cold honey, 10E4-7.6, where 10E7.6 is defined as the softening point (a glass will barely flow under its own weight within a given time). We will show that Egyptian glasses were formed at higher viscosities than modern glasses, similar to froming taffy, 10E7-9. or even cheddar cheese, 10E9 but below lead, 10E10, the range of annealing glass, 10E12.5-13. 4 or the glass transition range, 10E11-13.
Keywords
Egypt;glass;Tell el-Amarna -- CAL
pub_id
28205
Meeting Date
19900417-19900421