The chief aim of the present work is to identify the provenance of the turquoise in Jiahu site (5000-7000 B.C.), which is located in Henan province of China. Because those turquoise samples were processed long ages ago, some of them were not carved and just simply polished and still adhere to the surrounding rock which is very helpful for people to know about the geological environment. According to the geological theory, turquoise formed in different places certainly have differences in many aspects. So the modern samples of main turquoise mines in China have been collected and compared with those in Jiahu site. All the samples have been studied through X-ray diffraction, petrographical comparison and isomorphic replacement in turquoise minerals. The result indicates that the turquoise in Jiahu site is quite different from all of the three modern mines on two aspects as follows: (1) the mineral assemblage of the surrounding rock; (2) the isomorphic replacement in turquoise mineral. The conclusion of our research is that the provenance of the turquoise in Jiahu site is not located in all of the three modern turquoise mines.