The use of paper or paper fiber in the production of three- dimensional objects seems to have closely followed the spread of papermaking itself. Brief notice of this ancient history is followed by description of papier mâché as an architectural material from the 17th to the early 19th century, focusing on the mid-18th century, when it appears to have been used most extensively. The practices of the London craftspeolpe who produced sculptural detail in this medium for domestic use and export are examined as illuminated by the technical examination of papier mâché in the Miles Brewton House of Charlestown, South Carolina, dating from the 1760s. Discussion of the Brewton house material includes the complete rococo-style ceiling in the parlor, the reconstruction of gildedmolding based on fragments from the drawing room found in a rat's nest during restoration, and a bas-relief of Apollo and a gilded border in the stair hall that was damaged but largely complete. Restoration of original decorative schemes required the replication of more than 150 ft of gilded and burnished cotton rag paper molding based on the conserved rat's nest fragments and the replication of gilded and ungilded moldings from the stair hall both to infill losses in extent molding and to replace missing molding for which physical and documentary evidence existed. The research required to duplicate this forgotten art is described as well as the modeling, carving, and mold-making techniques eventually used in accomplishing this extensive restoration project. Conservation methods used on existing 18th-century material are also detailed, focusing in lightweight materials chosen to support and reconstruct the Apollo relief.