The purpose of this research is to build a database of pigments and technique of Han Dynasty painting to gain scientific evidence of comparative study of paintings from different regions, to protect painted pottery figurines for middle to long term, and for the exhibition of these objects in the museum. MINLTA CR-3000 Colorimeter, X-Rite spectrodensitometer densitometer and XTL series microscope were used to analyze the chromaticity of 61 samples from 6 pigment layers and the density and surface microstructure information of 5 pigments from painted pottery fragments. Based on a large number of data and analysis, a sphere chroma tolerance evaluation model was construct. The model suggests the black samples are preserved well, while the orange samples are badly worn. But the pigments distribution of the orange samples is more evenly than others. Pigment density analysis shows that orange pigments on a fragmented pottery figurine’s leg are preserved relatively well with uniform and compact pigment layer on the top. Microanalysis shows that 5% B72 ethanol system is good for surface pigment reinforcement, which has good dispersion with no significant change of the pigment surface. 5% B72 ethanol system is an option of the protection of painted pottery figurine.