In this paper we discuss Chalcolithic (c. 4500-3500 BC) metal production in light of recent discoveries from the site of Shiqmim in the northern Negev desert, Israel. Several new copper artifacts are presented, the precise function of which is uncertain. Following this, the evidence for copper production within the settlement is examined. In particular, the remains of metallurgical installations, a smelting installation distinct from crucibles, are reported. In addition, new data on the chemical composition of ores, slag, and metallic copper from most recent excavations are evaluated. Evidence for copper production at Mezad Aluf, a small satellite hamlet of Shiqmim, is also presented. Finally, issues concerning the social context for village-based copper production are discussed.