We examined the causes of the damage of a Joseon Buddhist painting, Ten Kings of the Hell, for which we had performed conservation treatment while preparing for the special exhibition entitled A Journey into the Joseon Buddhist Paintings, presented by the National Museum of Korea. For the parts that could no be easily observed by the naked eyes, we examined it with microscopes, X-rays and infrared rays. Hereby we introduced the result of the scientific examination performed prior to the conservation treatment, and arranged its process for the Ten Kings of the Hell. -- MCI