New excavation at Gordion has obtained a detailed stratigraphic sequence for the City Mound, extending from c. 1500 BC to Medieval times. Changes in settlement pattern, architecture, and other aspects of material culture can now be used to describe and more closely date the Late Bronze Age-Early Iron Age transition, the initial development of the Early Phrygian citadel, the reconstruction of the citadel after a catastrophic fire, and the transformation of the citadel into a manufacturing center under the Persians. More specifically, these new data suggest that there were at least two successive immigrations during the Early Iron Age, and that the fortification of the citadel took place shortly after the second group of people arrived at Gordion. Following the destruction of the citadel in 700 BC, stratigraphic evidence indicates that the long process of rebuilding began almost immediately, presumably under the direction of the Phrygian rulers. When political independence was lost to the Lydians and Persians, Gordion remained a large and thriving commercial center that extended along both banks of the Sakarya.