The problem of insect and microbial infestation of fine art is centuries old. Techniques to control it have included such things as herbal treatments, fire smoke, and, most recently, chemicals. All have provided some degree of effectiveness if not complete control of the pests. But too often the treatment, while meant to save the art, has created damage of its own. In an effort to eliminate the side effects of controlling insect or microbial attack on art objects, parallel research efforts in a number of laboratories worldwide, including ours, have focused on nonchemical means using oxygen-free environments. This approach has proven very successful for insect control and is currently the only method we use at the MMA to treat infested art objects. This approach does also seem to work for fungal control, although when used for this purpose it is much more time-consuming than when it is used to control insects.