This article, originally published in the 1929 Annual Report of the National Museum of Canada, describes techniques for the preservation and treatment of archaeological and ethnographic (ethnological) artifacts in museum collections. Topics: include collecting, preserving and cleaning in the field; repairs, numbering, storage, exhibition (displays); fumigation (ethylene dichloride-carbon tetrachloride, carbon disulphide, carbon tetrachloride, hydrocyanic acid gas, freezing, dry ice, naphthalene), insect pest infestations (beetles, cockroaches, clothes moths, silverfish); fungi; lichens; animal materials - antler, babiche, baleen, bone, buckskin, feathers, fur, hair, horn, ivory, leather, rawhide, shell, sinew, turtleshell, wool; plant materials - basketry, birchbark, resin, textiles, wood, totem poles; minerals and metals - amber, beads, clay, copper, glass, gold, iron, lead, pictographs, pottery, silver and stone. This article is a reference for the history of conservation techniques and treatments.