The planned construction of the causeway connecting Saudi Arabia with Bahrain Island eventuated a major archaeological excavation of the Bahrain burial mounds along the route of a proposed causeway. The first excavations were initiated in 1977. The data presented in this article is based on results obtained in the field and in the laboratory at the Smithsonian Institution. A total of 46 excavated burial mounds and the excavation of one below the ground burial complex representing 118 graves are the basis for the analysis of the human skeletal material. Also included is a comprehensive analysis and description of the different burial mounds, their division into different types and geographical distribution.