The usefulness of different types of botanical knowledge to artefact conservators is outlined. Plant morphology, anatomy, ultrastructure, biochemistry and ethnobotany are referred to. This body of knowledge can aid the conservator in the identification of materials. It can also help to understand the physical and chemical behaviour of plant based materials, the ways in which they deteriorate and the ways in which they respond to conservation procedures. Initial results of an examination of the leaves of Pandanus spiralis are discussed.