World demand for paper is expected to more than double within the next 21 years. Under static conditions this volume would relate to a corresponding increase in the various elements required to produce it. There will be signiflcant changes in the cost of fiber, water, energy, chemicals, machinery, and capital. Alkaline papermaking with its potential savings in fiber, energy, water and chemicals is a practical and proven option. An additional benefit is the accompanying improvement in paper permanence. See AATA 18-1013.