Metallography and neutron activation analysis have been used to investigate copper artifacts from 19th-century archaeological sites associated with the Copper Inuit of the west-central Canadian Arctic. A knowledge of the source of the copper from which the artifacts were manufactured (native, local, copper or European, exotic, copper) is important, for example, to studies of the effects of European contact on utilization of native copper and on the general lifestyle of the Copper Inuit. Trace element analysis by neutron activation using the SLOWPOKE reactor has allowed local native copper, from the Coppermine River and Victoria Island, Northwest Territories, to be clearly distinguished from 19th-century European smelted copper, which was found to contain higher concentrations of arsenic, antimony, nickel, and selenium. Moreover, optical and scanning electron metallography revealed significant microstructural differences between native copper and the 19th-century smelted copper. As a consequence it was possible to differentiate between native copper archaeological artifacts and those produced from smelted copper.