When a metal oxidizes the corrosion products usually occupy a greater volume than that provided by the metal consumed in the process. Where oxidation is occurring in a confined space, say it interfaces in a bolted assembly or at the surfaces of metal rods embedded in concrete, the additional volume can only be provided by plastic deformation or facture of the surrounding material. There is in fact ample energy released by the oxidation process to cause this damage and distress due to the expansion forces of rusting is a well known phenomenon. Even when it occurs at a free surface, oxidation can still give rise to biaxial stress and plastic deformation of the metal substrate. It is described how this oxide deformation has caused three very serious materials problems in thermal nuclear reactors. The phenomena discussed are the stretching and hence the waving of fins on Magnox fuel elements, the deformation and fracture of mild steel bolts, again in Magnox reactors, and the crushing or denting of steam generator tubes in PWR reactors due to oxidation of their mild steel support plates. A comprehensive survey is also made of the occurrence of the process in non-nuclear structures. The examples illustrated include oxide jacking of the railings around St. Paul’s, deformation of components in Tower Bridge and S.S. Great Britain. The growth due to internal oxidation of cast iron gates and lead alloy battery plates is also mentioned. Attention is drawn to the serious consequences of the rusting of iron supports embedded in modern roadways and also in the Parthenon and other buildings on the Acropolis. Finally, a description is given of the use of the phenomenon for beneficial purposes in the invention of William Murdock of rusting cement; this material was used extensively during the construction of the famous Round Reading Room at the British Museum. It is suggested that constructors of plant which is to be used in corrosive environments should make themselves aware of the oxide deformation phenomenon and take such measures as are necessary to avoid its occurrence.