This manuscript presents a new procedure to classify archaeological ceramics, according to their chronology (relative dating) and typology, using ultrasound non-destructive testing. The procedure offers important advantages compared to traditional archaeological ceramic characterization methods such as scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction or density and porosity tests that may prove expensive and destructive. The procedure was tested with several archaeological pieces chronologically and typologically known from Requena, Liria and Enguera in the Valencian Community (Spain). The pieces dated back to different periods such as the Bronze Age, to Iberian and Roman periods and to the Middle Ages. The results have been verified with data from optical, SEM, and X-ray diffraction techniques, as well as from physical density and porosity analyses.