Byzantine and post-Byzantine icons in Russia, Yugoslavia, Rumania and Poland, dating from the 11th to the 18th century, are discussed. These paintings are in tempera technique on wood. Media were: egg yolk, egg yolk with kvass (fermented water extract of rye or barley), cherry gum, wax, emulsion, cereal starch, isinglass and turpentine. Pigments were: white lead, vermilion, red lakes, red, yellow and brown ochers, orpiment and realgar, massicot, Indian yellow, saffron, copper, greens, chrome greens, terre verte, organic greens, natural ultramarine, vivianite, copper blues, azurite, smalt, indigo, weld, carbon black, organic black, metal powder and leaf of gold, silver, tin and copper. Some identification was made by microscopic and microchemical, spectrographic, and infrared absorption analysis. There is some discussion of the wood support including wood sculpture in Poland. 21 early Russian manuscripts, and 12 Rumanian manuscripts on painting technique are listed (in addition to the references).