This article summarizes the potential uses of trace element geochemical principles in the solution of archaeological problems. Distributions of minor and trace elements in nature are reviewed. The importance of sensitivity, precision, and accuracy of analytical techniques is stressed. The potential contributions of trace analysis to studies of several categories of archaeological artifacts are then enumerated. Natural materials used with minimal chemical processing including rocks for stone tools and building material, bone, and ivory. Trace element signatures can indicate the geographic sources of such materials. Trace elements can distinguish between iron obtained from meteorites and terrestrial sources, and can also provide information about production technology. Ore sources for smelted iron might also be identified. Copper, bronze, and brass can also be characterized by trace element concentrations and, potentially, identified as to source. Lead isotope analysis is another possibility. In conclusion, the author stresses the importance of adequate analytical precision and thorough knowledge of the geochemical properties of the elements under consideration.