An addition of arsenic, tin, and lead to copper to make easily cast alloys has been standard practice since 2500 B. C. In Roman times, zinc was added to copper for brass castings. Blow tubes and bellows have been used in smelting furnaces since the early Bronze era. Lost-form castings in sand, mud, clay, and wax and permanent molds made from stone or bronze, with mold core techniques are discussed. Finds in the Near East, Egypt, China, and Europe exemplify these techniques. -- AATA