Research in the archives in Florence shows that the technique of cleaning paintings in the 18th century involved washing with water, drying and application of poppy seed oil; stains and breaks were covered with paint. As a result, by the end of the 18th century paintings in Florentine galleries were dark, dry and covered with new paint. A new organization of restorers in Florence in 1796 is described, research showing a new interest in restoration, conservation and maintenance of paintings. Efforts were made to obtain the best conditions of heat, humidity and illumination. A new method of cleaning used a mixture of ethanol and oil of terebenthene. Also discussed are relining, cradling, transfer, retouching, varnish and regulation of restorers.