Conservation work in Cave N(a) of Bamiyan allowed the discovery of a multi-layered structure of green paint and unique animal motif patterns on a golden metallic material under black soot-like deposits. A series of scientific analyses confirmed the stratigraphical structure of the paintings and their constituent materials. Synchrotron-based microanalysis at the ESRF, which has been used to great advantage in analyzing works of art, provided the most surprising results, i.e. the white ground consisted of both cerussite/hydrocerussite and lead soaps and drying oils composing a majority of the organic layer and the mordant. The yellow organic material on the surface seemed to contain natural resins. This study is the first identified exploration into the use of oils and possible natural resins in mural paintings in Central Asia. Further studies of the surrounding sites are expected to provide deeper and broader understanding of painting techniques found along the Silk Road.