The preparation of ivory leaves, painting materials and the application of color are discussed. Many hazards befall portrait miniatures. Care must be exercised in removing them from their cases, and liquids are to be avoided in cleaning a framed miniature. Because it is hygroscopic, exposed ivory is vulnerable to warping and paint flaking. Cardboard backings glued to ivory or vellum will respond to changes in relative humidity and temperature and thus may cause distortion. The design layer of a miniature is easily damaged by abrasion and moisture, and the gum content of the paint makes it readily susceptible to mold growth. Protecting a miniature from light to prevent fading, and maintaining proper relative humidity to prevent warping can result in conditions favorable to biodeterioration. Basic guidelines for care, handling, and storage are given. -- AATA