Among the tasks of wood science which are to be generally prompted if wood is to maintain its competitive position against plastics, one of the central problems is wood protection. Wood protection implies to keep the material free from decay caused by biological attack as well as from fire or ultraviolet sunlight influences. It is shown that measures of wood protection concerning only the macroscopic field are of little effectiveness only, whereas wood protection in the microscopic field is more useful. However, the most effective protective measures are those reaching the submicroscopic or amicroscopic structure of wood. This is true of the protection of wood from inflammability or from staining which is particularly occurring in wood construction work. For these reasons and also because the impregnation of the wood cell walls is the most useful and effective wood protection, respective measures have to be taken into consideration. These requirements indicate that particularly for the actual problems of wood protection there are still large efforts to be made in research where all responsible and interested groups shall have to participate.