The seventh in a series of articles on Identification of the materials of paintings, this article surveys obsolete terminology and synonyms for the pigment names, sources, preparation, physical characteristics, optical and chemical properties, permanence, color and spectral reflection, emission spectrometric analysis, x-ray diffraction, x-ray fluorescence and electron probe microanalysis, infrared spectrophotometry, x-radiography, and neutron activation analysis. Tables show x-ray diffraction data and notable occurrences; figures illustrate native cinnabar, photomicrographs, scanning electron micrographs, phase diagrams and spectral reflectance curves, etc.