The process of human thought cannot be replaced by micro-processors and other electronic equipment. Surface investigation, point analysis (problems with sampling), chemical and physical methods, bulk analysis, micro-domain and surface analysis, and compound specific analysis are all available to assist in the examination process prior to treatment. These analytical methods are discussed. However, often solutions to restoration problems can be easily solved by the conservator, without the analyst's help, using classical methods; these need to be a fundamental part of the conservator's training. See AATA 16-43 and 19-956.