Analysis and crystallographic surveys of ancient remains are made by use of PIXE and x-ray diffraction. Matrixes of potsherds from ancient China and Pakistan were made from alpha-quartz, orthoclase, muscovite, and aluminosilicates. From the aluminum contents in the matrixes observed by PIXE, places and ages of production were also classified. As coloring agents, manganese, iron, cobalt, copper, and lead were detected from glazed surfaces. Japanese porcelains were made from high purity raw materials, and were glazed by small amounts of iron, titanium, manganese, copper, zinc, gold, and lead. Coins from Pakistan and China were made of a brass and a bronze, respectively. Lead was found in the Chinese coin, indicating an early knowledge of its applications. -- AATA