The spectrophotometric method allows one to identify in the extracts from dyed fibers most of the red and violet natural dyes, and to distinguish them from synthetic ones. A system of extractants is proposed, making it possible to simplify and speed up the analysis of dyes in the microsamples of museum and archaeological textiles. The principal procedures of analysis - scission of the bonds between the dye and the fiber, extraction of the freed dye, and its spectrophotometric determination in the extract - are consecutively performed in the same extractant within 10-20 minutes. The absorption spectra are given for the main red and violet natural dyes in some of these extractants. Also presented are the results of the spectrophotometric study of dyes in museum and archaeological textiles after their extraction with the help of the extractants proposed. -- AATA