The literature survey on the effects of ethylene oxide on artifact material shows explicitly that there are potential changes in materials of artifacts on fumigation with ethylene oxide, e.g. chemical solubility, pH, adsorptive ability, and strength characteristics, as well as introducing humectants and products of ethylene oxide. Ethylene oxide, and its product ethylene glycol, which may form in artifact materials, are hazardous to man. They are mutagenic, carcinogenic and toxic, and difficult to monitor. Freezing of artifacts under specific conditions, and using specific procedures has been recommended as an alternative. The literature survey on the effects of freezing on materials that would be found in artifacts shows that there are potential water hazards which can easily be prevented. Bound water in dry artifact material, and water in damp materials in capillaries less than 30u will not form ice crystals at -20°C. Condensation caused by reduced holding capacity of air or warm air cooling adjacent to cold objects can be prevented. Freezing should not be used for non-adsorptive materials. Physical and dimensional changes are minimal at the recommended -20°C. Essential procedures for freezing artifacts are listed. -- AATA